We all had this moment: looking at a food label and feeling like we need a chemistry degree to decode it. Those days are gone…because you’re about to learn about food additives that, with regular exposure, could contribute to health issues. Here are eight of those additives to watch out for.
8. Artificial Flavoring (Diacetyl)
Diacetyl gives foods a butter flavor, so you’ll often find it in microwave popcorn, margarine, and butter-flavored snacks. This artificial flavoring has been linked to a serious lung condition (bronchiolitis obliterans) in factory workers exposed to it. While consumer exposure is far lower, it’s still wise to limit intake of ultra-processed butter-flavored foods.
7. Propyl Paraben
Propyl paraben is a preservative used to prevent mold in baked goods, tortillas, and packaged snacks. However, studies suggest that this may interfere with hormone function, specifically estrogen activity. Animal research has also shown potential effects on reproduction development. Label terms to watch out for include “propyl paraben” or “E216.”
6. Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)
We think almost everyone is quite familiar with MSG. This additive can enhance umami flavor in frozen meals, packaged soups, snack seasonings, and yes, even fast food. Though studies haven’t found strong evidence of widespread harm, animal research suggests that very high doses may negatively impact brain signaling. MSG may also appear on labels as “yeast extract” or “glutamate.”
5. Titanium Dioxide
Titanium dioxide is commonly found in candies, coffee creamers, chewing gums, and bakery frosting to whiten and brighten these foods. In 2021, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) ruled that titanium dioxide is no longer safe as a food additive. Emerging studies show that it may accumulate in the body and impact gut health.
4. Red Dye 3 (Erythrosine)
You know where to find this: baked goods, candies, and maraschino cherries, to name a few. To be clear, occasional consumption is unlikely to cause harm but it can add to the overall dye load. High consumption of this artificial coloring has been linked to hyperactivity in children. To be safe, look for natural alternatives like paprika extract or beet juice.
3. BHA (Butylated Hydroxyanisole)
BHA is a food additive that helps keep oils from going bad, so you’ll often find them added to snacks, chewing gums, and cereals. However, animal studies have linked BHA to tumor growth, and according to the National Toxicology Program, BHA is reasonably expected to cause cancer in humans. You’ll usually see “BHA” on a food label, so it’s easy to avoid if you’re limiting processed foods.
2. Potassium Bromate
Potassium bromate is a potential human carcinogen, and is used to strengthen dough and improve texture of foods like commercial bread, rolls, and other baked goods. Potassium bromate has been banned in the EU, UK, and Canada, and many manufacturers in the US have voluntary phased it out. It may appear on food labels as “bromated flour.”
1. Sodium Nitrite and Nitrate
Sodium nitrite and nitrate are often found in bacon, hot dogs, and deli ham, helping preserve these meats and give them their pink color. But when exposed to high heat, these compounds can form nitrosamines, which are chemicals linked to increased risk of colorectal cancer. As an alternative, choose fresh, unprocessed meats or look for labels that say “no added nitrites or nitrates.”